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Nissen fundoplication is a surgical procedure designed to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition characterized by the backflow of stomach contents, including acid, into the esophagus. This procedure involves the construction of an anti-reflux barrier by wrapping the upper curve of the stomach, known as the fundus, around the lower esophagus. It aims to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscular valve that normally prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus. GERD can lead to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, and, if untreated, can cause complications like esophagitis, strictures, or Barrett's esophagus, which is a precursor to esophageal cancer. The Nissen fundoplication procedure is typically indicated for patients with severe GERD who do not respond adequately to medical management, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), or for those who prefer a surgical option to avoid long-term medication use. The procedure can be performed using either an open technique or a minimally invasive laparoscopic approach. In laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, several small incisions are made in the abdomen, and specialized instruments, including a camera, are used to perform the surgery. This minimally invasive method often results in reduced postoperative pain, shorter recovery times, and smaller scars compared to traditional open surgery. During the surgery, the surgeon mobilizes the fundus of the stomach and wraps it around the lower esophagus, then sutures it in place. This creates a new valve mechanism that helps prevent acid reflux. The operation typically lasts from one to three hours, and patients may be discharged from the hospital within a day or two, depending on their recovery and any underlying health conditions. After the procedure, patients are usually advised to follow a special diet for a few weeks, gradually transitioning from liquids to soft foods and then to a regular diet. It's important to note that while Nissen fundoplication is effective for many patients, it is not guaranteed to work for everyone, and some may still experience GERD symptoms postoperatively. Additionally, some potential complications can arise from the surgery, including difficulty swallowing, gas bloat syndrome, and, in rare cases, a recurrence of reflux. Long-term studies have shown that many patients experience significant relief from GERD symptoms and an improved quality of life following the surgery. However, as with any surgical procedure, it is essential for patients to discuss the risks and benefits with their healthcare provider to determine if Nissen fundoplication is the appropriate treatment option for their specific condition. In summary, Nissen fundoplication represents a viable surgical intervention for individuals suffering from chronic GERD, providing an alternative to long-term medication and potentially restoring normal function to the esophagus and stomach junction.